APA+and+Citations

Here are the websites for citations

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/referencemachine.htm

http://citationmachine.net/index2.php

http://www.makecitation.com/4.php

APA Citation and Documentation

The APA (American Psychological Association) style is one of many documentation guidelines used for preparing scholarly papers. APA is generally used by those in the medical, science, and education fields, and it provides the appropriate conventions for format, style, and documentation.

In-text Citations: APA recommends an author/date style of in‑text citation. In-text citations refer the reader to a bibliography, or reference page, at the end of the paper. Citations are typically made using a combination of signal phrases and parenthetical references, both of which include the author's name and the year of publication.

When a signal phrase is used, such as “According to Fuhrman,” the author's name is immediately followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The page number is then included at the end of the quotation in parentheses (preceded by "p."):
 * //Quotation with a signal phrase://**

According to Newport (1997), some psychologists "wondered if a gorilla could communicate with human language in the form of symbols" (p. 98).

Please note that citations of direct quotes require the addition of the page number in which the quote appears. Summaries or paraphrases do not require this.

When a quotation is not introduced by a signal phrase, the quotation is followed by the author's name, the year, and the page number in parentheses, :
 * //Q//****//uotation without a signal phrase://**

Some psychologists "wondered if a gorilla could communicate with human beings using symbols" (Newport, 1997, p. 98). Note that, in this case, commas separate each part of the parenthetical citation. The date of publication must immediately follow the author’s mention, whether he or she is mentioned in the paraphrase or cited at the end of the quote. Because you are summarizing or paraphrasing, citing a page number is unnecessary:
 * //Summary or paraphrase://**

According to Newport (1997), researchers took Jackson's hypothesis seriously, and funding for the gorilla language experiments was granted. Researchers took Jackson's hypothesis seriously, and funding for the gorilla language experiments was granted (Newport, 1997).

This citation is set up in the same way as a quote or paraphrase from a single author; however, the last names of both authors need to be cited each time the reference occurs. Notice the use of the ampersand (&) in parenthetical citations only:
 * //A work with two authors://**

Hawk and Linderman (1991) agree that a gorilla will learn language more slowly than a human child will.

The gorilla will learn language more slowly than a human child will (Hawk & Linderman, 1991). When citing a source by three to five authors for the first time, include all the authors in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical reference following the quote. In subsequent citations, include only the first author followed by "et al.": Chimpanzees' behavioral patterns are very similar to those of humans (Johnson, Johannsonn, Mendes, & Reilly, 1993)….Chimps' cultural behavior is also very close to that of humans (Johnson et al., 1993). Better methods of communication are being developed every year by the researchers (Winger et al., 1993).
 * //A work with three to five authors://**
 * //A work with six or more authors://** Include only the first author followed by "et al." in every citation.

When citing a source for which no author is given, use the first word or two of the title in either the signal phrase or the parentheses: Recently, many new expeditions into the Congo have come back with conclusive evidence about gorilla behavior ("The Congo Expedition," 1982). Articles, chapters, and Web pages should be included in quotation marks, and italics should be used for the titles or periodicals, books, or brochures. If the work is attributed to "Anonymous" instead of an author, include it in the parenthetical citation: (Anonymous, 1993).
 * //An unknown author//:**

When initially citing a source by a government agency or a corporate author with a long name, spell out the entire name followed by its abbreviation or acronym in brackets: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996). In subsequent citations, simply use the abbreviation/acronym: (NIMH, 1996).
 * //A corporate author://**

Use the abbreviation “para” to give the paragraph number in place of page numbers. Indicate the section of the article if appropriate.
 * //An electronic source whose pagination differs from the print source, such as an HTML version://**

As Myers (2000) phrased it, "Positive emotions are both an end and a means" (Discussion section, para5). Separate the different authors/years with a semicolon; list in alphabetical order: Past research (Depp, 1999; Hanks, 2003;Stewart, 2004) If one study predominates, list that author and year first, and write “see also” followed by the other references: Lately, researchers have been investigating the effects of the cold virus on both small children and adults (Gilmore 1993; see also Davenport, 1994; Redding, 1998). When citing an author with the same last name as another author in your bibliography, include the author's initials to avoid confusion.
 * //Two or more works in the same parentheses://**
 * //Authors with the same last name://**

Research by J. J. Johnson (1998) revealed that guinea pigs could not be genetically enhanced. This research contradicts the findings of B. C. Johnson (2000), whose claims of successfully mutating a guinea pig have incited much recent controversy. Cite the speaker’s name in a signal phrase; then in parentheses include the words “personal communication” and the date that the interview was held:
 * //Personal communication://**

B. Simpson (personal communication, January 2, 1998) has stated that funding for the nuclear power plant will halt for at least one year. Note: Personal communications, including lectures and unpublished speeches, are not cited on the reference page because no printed version exists for the reader to access.

Name author(s) of the original work (whom you are quoting or paraphrasing) in a signal phrase and cite the author(s) and publication date of the secondary source (the publication in which you found the original work) in parentheses: Seidenberg and McClelland (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) stated that funding would not continue.
 * //A work discussed in a secondary source (or “a quote within a quote”)://**

Use the abbreviation “n.d.” in the place of the publication date. This also applies to the bibliographic entry of such a source.
 * // A work with no given date of publication: //**

Parrish’s (n.d.) nearly identical experimentation, however, yielded far different results. Quotations longer than 40 words require a "block quote" format: the entire quote is inset on the left only by one tab space (or 1/2 inch):
 * //Block Quoting://**

This is how a block quote appears. It is double spaced with an indent. When a quotation is indented in this way, quotation marks are not needed. Usually, quotations longer than 40 words require block quote formatting. When you conclude the quote, the parentheses follow the punctuation. (Author, year, p. #) **APA References (Bibliographic Entries):** According to APA guidelines, the alphabetical list of bibliographic entries is called "References." All “References” pages should follow this general format: Electronic sources for information have become increasingly popular. Therefore, APA has instituted new rules pertaining to the citation of electronic sources. The uniform resource locator (URL) and the digital object identifier (DOI) are the two most commonly utilized retrieval processes, and the following examples will show the correct APA format for entries on a reference page.
 * Center title “References” [without quotation marks]
 * All entries are double-spaced.
 * The first line of each entry is flush left.
 * Any additional lines are indented with five spaces (one tab, or half an inch). This format is called a //hanging indent:// if you wish to use Word formatting, here are the steps:
 * 1) Highlight the lines to be indented
 * 2) Go to the “Home” tab
 * 3) Go to paragraph and click the arrow in the bottom left to bring up a menu
 * 4) Under “Indentation” find the “special” pull-down menu
 * 5) Select hanging
 * References should be alphabetized by the last names of the authors or editors or by the first word in the title (excluding //The, A,// or //An)// if no author is given. If several works by the same first author are included in your bibliography, arrange the works alphabetically by the last name of the next author. If all authors are the same on multiple publications, arrange them by publication date listing the earliest first.
 * Include all authors' names, i.e., do not use //et al//, in the order that they appear in publication//.//
 * Authors should always be listed with the last name first followed by a comma and then the initials of the first and middle names (ex: Thorton, B. B.).
 * The date of publication should be placed in parentheses immediately following the last author's name.
 * Note: "p." and "pp." should only be used in front of the page numbers of newspaper articles and works in anthologies or book chapters.
 * Publishers' names should appear in short form but be easily recognizable.

For more information, access //http://apastyle.apa.org/// or Chapters 6 and 7 in the APA manual.
 * //Electronic Sources//**

The DOI is commonly located on the first page of the journal article in the top right-hand corner of the Document. Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. //Health Psychology, 24//(2), 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 Even if the article has more than seven authors, all authors must be listed in the reference list. VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. //Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5//(7)//,// 117‑123. Retrieved from http://jbr.org/articles.html Cite the author or editor, publication date, article title (in italics), periodical or website title, website producer and URL: Jacobs, J. (1999). //A history of facilitated communications.// Retrieved from Chicago University, Institute for Assisted Learning Technologies Website: http://www.uchicago.edu/ialt/jacobs/articles/history.html
 * 1. Journal articles with DOI:**
 * 2. Journal articles without DOI (when no DOI is available)**
 * 1) **A** **signed** **article/document within a website:**

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). //Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge//. Retrieved from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Website: http//www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare///
 * 4. An** **unsigned** **article/ independent document, such as a report, within a website:** Cite the website or periodical title, publication date, report/article title (in italics), website producer and URL.

//**5. Online Magazine Article:**//

//Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of// //research.// Monitor on Psychology, 39//(6), Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/// //**6. Online Newspaper Article**:// //Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile.// The New York Times//.// //Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com// //**7. Online-only supplemental material in a periodical:**// //Marshall-Pescini, S., &Whiten, A. (2008). Social learning of nut-cracking behavior in East African// //sanctuary-living chimpanzees [Supplemental material].// Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122//, 186-194. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.122.2.186// //**8. Electronic version of a print book:**// //Shotton, M. A. (1989//). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency //[DX Reader version].// //Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp// //Shotton, M. A. (1989).// Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency //[DX Reader version].// //doi: 10.1036/0071393722.// //**9. Electronic-only book:**// //O’Keefe, E. (n.d.) Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from// //http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135// //**10. E‑mail:**// //E‑mail communications should be cited as personal communications. Note: Cite in-text only; personal communications are not cited on the reference page because no printed version exists for the reader to access:// //B. Simpson (personal communication, February 13, 2001).//
 * Articles in Periodicals**

//**1. Article in a journal paginated by volume**, i.e., pagination continues from one issue to another, e.g., Jan. issue, pp. 1-92; Feb. issue, pp. 93-206 (Italicize the volume number):// //McFergison, H. (1997). The sociocultural impact of television on children.// Psychology Monthly, 23//, 437‑449.//

//**2. Article in a journal paginated by issue**, i.e., pagination begins anew for each issue, e.g., Jan. issue, pp. 1-92; Feb. issue, pp. 1-102:// //Hanson, D., & Williams, G. (1991). The weight loss obsession.// British Psychologist, 21//(2), 5‑32.// //Note that the volume number is italicized, followed by the issue number in parentheses with no italics.//

//**3. Magazine article:**// //Gilmore, H. (1997, May 23). Golf and relationships.// Golf, 7//, 121‑134.//

//**4. Newspaper article:**// //Newhart, B. B. (1997, January 3). Finding oneself.// The Washington Post, //pp//. //A2, A12.//

//**5. Letter to the editor:**// //Johnson, K. D. (1994, May 2). Obesity affects economic, social status [Letter to the editor].// Jordan Times//, p. B20.//

//**6. Review:**// //Ward, J. (1989, May 5). Good intentions—not so good. [Review of the book// Good Intentions//]//. Time, //p. 6.//

//**7. Two or more works by the same author in the same year:**// //Reference the works by author and year and arrange them alphabetically by title. Assign lowercase letters "a," "b," and so on to the respective years of each applicable entry, such as 1979a for the first entry, 1979b for the second entry.// //Note that the titles of the journal articles, magazine articles, reviews, etc., are written such that only the first word of the title is capitalized and all other words appear in lower case letters only.// //**1. Book with one author:**// //Smith, J. (1997).// Growing up in the country. //New York: Doubleday.//
 * Books**

//**2. Two or more authors:**// //Smith, J., Hanson, R., & Cooper, D. (1994).// Living with pets. //New York: McGraw‑Hill.//

//**3. Corporate author:**// //Bank of New York. (1999).// Banking for the millennium. //New York: Author.//

//**4. Unknown author:**// Newmark essential thesaurus. //(1997). New York: Oxford University Press.//

//**5. Editors:**// //Newman, H., & Davenport, J. (Eds.). (1998).// The past and the future. //New York: Scribner.// //**6. Article in an edited book:**// // Siek, T. J. (2006). Specimen preparation. In B. Levine (Ed.), __Principles of forensic toxicology__ // // (pp. 105-132). Washington, D.C.: AACC Press. //

//**7. Edition other than the first:**// //Jones, H. B. (1990).// The hunted //(2nd ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.// //**8. Multi‑volume work:**// //Wagner, D. (1991).// The home improvement series //(Vols. 1‑3). New York: Oxford University Press.// //**9. Work in an edited anthology:**// //Newport, C. (1998). The holistic approach to teaching. In J. Smith (Ed.),// Modern teaching strategies //(pp. 132‑144). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.// //**10. Encyclopedia or dictionary:**// //Sattle, S. (Ed.). (1980).// The new west dictionary of domestic pets //(6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.//

//**11. Two or more works by the same author:**// //Reference the works alphabetically by author and earliest year first.// //If the city of publication is familiar, it is sufficient to list the city alone. If the city is unfamiliar, a state should be listed as well.// //**1.** **Government document:**// //U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995).// Analytical catalogue of statistics //(111th ed.). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.// //**2.** **Audiovisual media, such as videotape:**//
 * Other Non-Electronic Sources**

Public Broadcasting Association (Producer). (1993).  Hominids and hominoids: The truth about our ancestors// [Videotape]. New York: PBA Video. Last Updated August 2009. Based on APA 6th edition.